14th-century Ashkenazi Jews had more genetic diversity than their descendants do today

A rare look at the genetics of Ashkenazi Jews who lived in medieval Germany reveals this group had more genetic diversity 600 years ago than today, and reaffirms a recent finding that a "genetic bottleneck" in the Ashkenazi population occurred before the Middle Ages.

Religious laws usually prohibit any such research into the Jewish dead, but scientists worked with the region's modern Jewish community to find a workaround: They studied the centuries-old DNA in detached teeth unearthed in the burials recovered from excavations in Erfurt, a town in central Germany, according to a study published Nov. 30 in the journal Cell (opens in new tab).

Teeth do not have the same religious significance as the other human remains, which means they can be scientifically studied. "The teeth have less importance," Shai Carmi (opens in new tab), a population geneticist at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, told Live Science. "The rest of a body needs to be reburied and cannot be destroyed; but based on Jewish law, the teeth do not need to be reburied — they are considered external to the body."

So far, the workaround applies only to the German state of Thuringia, but Carmi is hopeful that the team's solution will set a precedent for genetic studies of ancient Jewish populations elsewhere.

Related: Why are teeth not considered bones?

Religious laws usually prohibit scientific research on Jewish dead, but the researchers and the region's modern Jewish community derived a workaround that allowed ancient DNA to be recovered from teeth. (Image credit: Thuringian State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology/Ronny Krause)Medieval Jewry

The Jewish cemetery at Erfurt served its medieval population from the late 11th century until 1454, when Jews were expelled from the city. Erfurt had been home to a thriving Jewish community (opens in new tab) until that time, although a brutal massacre in 1349 killed more than 100 Jews in the city, possibly because they were incorrectly accused of being responsible for the Black Death.

After the 1454 expulsion, a barn and a granary were built on the site of the Jewish cemetery. Centuries later, in 2013, archaeologists unearthed 47 Jewish graves during an archaeological excavation ahead of the site's redevelopment into a multistory parking garage, Carmi said. In 2021, the remains of these individuals were reburied in a 19th-century cemetery used by the local Jewish community, according to the study.

The granary built on top of the medieval Jewish cemetery was redeveloped in 2013 into a multistory car garage; the graves were unearthed by an archaeological rescue excavation before construction went ahead. (Image credit: Thuringian State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology/Martin Sowa)

Before the reburial, the researchers obtained ancient DNA from the teeth of 33 people interred in the graves, and the study shows these individuals had very similar genetic makeups to modern Ashkenazi Jews living in Europe and the United States.

Scientists think the ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews migrated in the early medieval period from what's now Italy to the Rhineland in what's now Germany, and that large populations migrated from there to Eastern Europe, possibly in response to religious persecution by Christians after the 12th century.

About half of modern Jews identify as Ashkenazi Jews; others are descended from other populations, including Sephardic Jews from what are now Portugal and Spain.

The medieval synagogue in Erfurt still stands; it is now a museum dedicated to documenting medieval Jewish life in the city. (Image credit: Shai Carmi)

Erfurt was home to a thriving Jewish community until they were expelled in 1454; a barn and a granary, which stood until 2013, were built on what had been the medieval Jewish cemetery. (Image credit: Shai Carmi)Genetic bottleneck

The researchers found evidence that Jews in medieval Erfurt had greater genetic diversity than modern Ashkenazi Jews, and they saw signs that a characteristic "genetic bottleneck" in Ashkenazi Jews occurred centuries earlier than previously thought, in about A.D. 1000, when the first Ashkenazi Jewish communities were established in the Rhineland.

That genetic bottleneck — the result of a drastically reduced ancestral population — has led to a higher incidence of certain genetic disorders among modern Ashkenazi Jews, such as Tay-Sachs disease and some hereditary cancers; and the new study shows those disorders were already present in this population by the early 15th century, Carmi said.

An analysis of the mitochondrial DNA — genetic material passed down through mothers — revealed that a third of the analyzed Erfurt individuals shared a specific sequence, which indicated they were descended from a single woman through their maternal line, the researchers added.

The research from the Erfurt remains reinforces the findings from a study earlier this year of medieval Jewish remains found in a well in Norwich, England, that likely contained the victims of an antisemitic attack.

14th-century Ashkenazi Jews had more genetic diversity than their descendants do today

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