World's oldest drinking straws are 3 feet long and made of gold and silver

Slender gold and silver tubes crafted during the Bronze Age are the world's oldest drinking straws, a new study finds. 

Archaeologists found the 3-foot-long (1 meter) metal tubes in 1897 while excavating a burial mound known as a kurgan from the ancient Maikop (also spelled Maykop) culture in the northwestern Caucasus, which primarily includes modern-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and parts of southern Russia. Until now, scientists couldn't decipher the tubes' purpose. The new research suggests that people would have used the tubes, some of which are attached to tiny bull figurines, to drink beer with buddies from a communal vessel.

"The fine tubes are not as simple as they seem at first glance," study first author Viktor Trifonov, an archaeologist at the Institute for the History of Material Culture at the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, told Live Science in an email. "Even [the] exquisite bull figurines attached to them can be both a decoration and a technical element for balancing the device."

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Archaeologists found the roughly 5,500-year-old straws in a large kurgan with three compartments, each of which held the remains and grave goods of an individual from the Maikop culture (about 3700 B.C. to 2900 B.C.). The largest chamber held the most luxurious grave goods, including hundreds of beads made of semiprecious stones and gold, ceramic vessels, metal cups, weapons and tools. Most of the goods lined the walls of the chamber. However, a bundle of eight lengthy metal tubes, four of which had a gold or silver bull figurine, were placed on the right side of the skeleton, the researchers wrote in the study.

Over the decades, various archaeologists wondered whether the tubes were scepters, poles for a canopy or even a bundle of rods that fit into arrowheads. But these interpretations weren't convincing to Trifonov and his colleagues; none of the ideas addressed why these artifacts were tubes rather than solid poles, so the team decided to reanalyze the tubes.

To them, the answer was straightforward: The tubes were likely drinking straws, designed for sipping a beverage — likely beer. 

Image 1 of 6

A reconstruction of how Bronze Age people from the Maikop culture drank communally with long straws. (Image credit: V. Trifonov; Antiquity Publications Ltd.)Image 2 of 6

The Caucasus and Western Asia, showing sites mentioned in the study. (Image credit: V. Trifonov; Antiquity Publications Ltd)Image 3 of 6

Evidence from residue analysis of the silver tube tip-strainer from the Maikop kurgan: 1) fragment of the silver tip-strainer; 2–3) barley starch granules; 4) pollen grain from a lime tree; 5) cereal particle. (Image credit: V. Trifonov and D. Petrov; Antiquity Publications Ltd)Image 4 of 6

The chaîne opératoire (operational sequence) of an experimental tip strainer made from common reed (Phragmites australis). (Image credit: V. Trifonov; Antiquity Publications Ltd)Image 5 of 6

Drinking tubes and tip strainers: 1) depiction of shared drinking from the Royal Cemetery at Ur; 2–3) from Ur; 4) from Tell Asmar; 5) from Chagar Bazar. (Image credit: Photographs 1–2 courtesy of the Penn Museum (image 295993, object 30-12-2; image 296355, object B16688); photograph 3 courtesy of the British Museum; photograph 4 courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago; Antiquity Publications Ltd)Image 6 of 6

Three of eight silver perforated silver tips from the Maikop kurgan: a) enlarged images of the design and slits; b) the silver tips in their original position. (Image credit: Photographs a1–2 by V. Trifonov; b1–3 courtesy of the Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia; Antiquity Publications Ltd)

This idea fits in with other archaeological discoveries. In the Near East, ancient people fermented barley into beer around 13,000 years ago, the researchers said. Large-scale brewing began in Western Asia in the fifth to the fourth millennium B.C., and there are seal impressions from that time in what is now Iraq and Iran showing people drinking through straws. Other findings — for instance, that the ancient Sumerians drank beer through long reeds, including Queen Puabi, who was buried with long straws at the Royal Cemetery at Ur (modern-day Iraq) — show that communally sipping beer through long tubes was a favorite pastime.

To investigate, the team sampled the residue on the inside of one of the artifacts, and found evidence of barley starch granules, cereal particles and a pollen grain from a lime tree. However, the researchers aren't sure whether the barley had been fermented into beer, so "these results should therefore be treated with caution, as further analyses are needed," they noted in the study.

Even so, "The design, number of tubes, residue analysis and several critical similarities with Sumerian straws led us to conclude that the Maikop tubes are drinking straws," Trifonov said. It's likely that the Maikop individual drank with friends, as "Ancient Near East art from the third millennium B.C. onwards depicts multiple long straws placed in a communal vessel, allowing people standing or sitting nearby to drink together," he said.

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Schematic drawing of the tubes from the Maikop kurgan: 1–2) gold and silver tubes; 3–4) gold and silver tubes with gold bull figurines; 5–6) silver tubes with silver bull figurines; 7–8) silver tubes. Note that this figure shows the objects with the tips pointing upwards, as assumed by previous scholars. (Image credit: V. Trifonov; Antiquity Publications Ltd)Image 2 of 4

Figurines with vertical perforations: 1–2) gold and silver bull figurines from the Maikop kurgan; 3) silver figurine, possibly of a gazelle, from the Staromyshastovsky hoard; 4) animal (Ovis) figurine from Uruk made from bitumen and covered in gold. (Image credit: Photographs 1–3 courtesy of the State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia; Antiquity Publications Ltd)Image 3 of 4

The Maikop kurgan: a–b) Professor Nikolai Veselovsky, of St. Petersburg University, made this sketch in 1897 of the primary burial, showing the position of the eight gold and silver tubes (marked in Russian as "sceptres"); с) part of an 1898 photograph, showing one complete and seven broken, partly corroded "scepters" in four boxes. (Image credit: Images courtesy of the Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia; Antiquity Publications Ltd)Image 4 of 4

The design of the "scepter" components from the Maikop kurgan: 1) one of eight silver perforated tips; 2) joint between two segments of the silver tube, and longitudinal seam; 3–5) types of fittings; 6) probable soldered longitudinal seam. (Image credit: V. Trifonov; Antiquity Publications Ltd)

Trifonov added that the Maikop tubes have metal strainers that would "help filter out the impurities common in ancient beer."

The research "sounds quite convincing, in light of other parallels, of the analyses of residues, and of the importance of alcoholic beverages in most ancient and modern societies," said Aren Maeir, an archaeologist and professor at Bar-Ilan University in Israel who has studied similar drinking straws from later contexts in the Bronze and Iron Age Levant but was not involved with the new study.

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"I would have liked to have had more analyses of the straws for additional residue analyses (of different types), but perhaps it was not possible," Maeir told Live Science in an email.

The Maikop straws are about 1,000 years older than the next-oldest surviving straws on record, which were found at the Royal Cemetery at Ur and date back 4,500 years, Trifonov said.

The straws are on display at the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg. The study was published online Wednesday (Jan. 19) in the journal Antiquity. 

Originally published on Live Science.